ABSTRACT
As a common side effect of fixed orthodontic treatment, demineralization of the enamel adjacent to the bracket and band occurs in patients with poor oral hygiene. The purpose of this study was to investigate what is the most effective method to prevent demineralization around the fixed orthodontic appliance among various methods using fluoride. 80 extracted bovine incisors with a healthy surface were classified into four groups as experimental materials: (Group I) Control group, (Group II) V varnish™, (Group III) Tooth Mousse Plus®, (Group IV) Vanish™ XT. After treatment for each group, mineral loss and Vickers surface microhardness were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after demineralization in artificial carious solution. Mineral loss was the lowest in group IV, followed by group II and group III, which showed a significant difference. The surface microhardness was the lowest in group IV, followed by group II and group III, which showed a significant difference. Through this study, group IV showed the best effect to prevent enamel demineralization around the bracket. Group III showed significant prevention of enamel demineralization compared with the control group, but the effect was less than that of the other groups.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Enamel , Fluorides , Incisor , Methods , Miners , Oral Hygiene , Orthodontic Appliances , Orthodontic Brackets , ToothABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to estimate the fluoride content in regular food items available, including fish, in a coastal area of the South Karnataka state of India. Materials and Methods: Fish and food samples were collected from a local market, i.e., Deralakatte, Mangalore of Karnataka State, India. Commonly consumed different species of fish (eight types are included in the study) and popular food items (twelve types) were collected through a random sampling strategy and then processed for the study. The flesh and bones of fish were separated from individual fish. Samples of flesh, bones, and food (nonfish, vegetarian food consumed by a proportion of Karnataka population) were homogenized separately, dried, and the pH of the processed samples was adjusted to neutrality (pH 7.0). Fluoride anion was determined using a fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE, Nico2000 Ltd., UK). Although the ingredients of the different fish and food items explored differed, the same processing technique and analytical laboratory bench-work procedure were performed for each sample, i.e., as per published research elsewhere. This ensured the accurate estimation of fluoride for each food item. Results: Concentrations of fluoride in foods (Nonfish, vegetarian food) was estimated to ranging from 0.85 to 7.09 ppm and that in fish samples ranged from 1.45 to 2.30 ppm. The highest concentration was estimated 3.16 ppm in Rohu fish flesh, and 7 ppm in rava dosa (a vegetarian food). Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rohu (Labeo rohita) fish species were found to contain higher concentrations of bone fluoride. Fluoride determined in fish flesh was also high in concentration 2.28 ppm. Among the regular food items, rava dosa (a thin and crispy crepe made from rava and rice flour) preparation has a higher level of fluoride. These values would provide valid information regarding the future development of recommended dietary allowance strategy for a population.
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Introduction. The most widely used method for applying fluoride (F-) topically is the fluoridated toothpaste. Its early use in large quantities is a risk factor for dental fluorosis. Objective: to determine the actual concentration of F in toothpastes sold in the Mexican market. Material and methods. Sixty-five different commercial toothpastes were analysed using the F ion-specific electrode technique. Results. The range of the F content was from 0 to 2 053 ppm. Of them, 16.92% were toothpastes for infant use (range= 0-1153 ppmF-). Mexican toothpastes had a mean of 879 ± 599.2 ppmF and imported toothpastes have a mean of 619.7 ppmF-; 54.5% of the infantile toothpastes presented F concentrations above 730 ppm and in 40% of the analyzed products, annotation on F content was found. Conclusions. Our results showed a wide variation in F concentration and suggest the need to implement policies to regulate the F concentration in these products. It is important that all the manufactured dentifrices show in the label and package the total F content of the product and the recommended doses will be printed, in order to prevent dental fluorosis.
Introducción. El método más usado para la aplicación tópica de flúor (F-)es la pasta dental fluorada. Su uso temprano en grandes cantidades es un factor de riesgo de fluorosis dental. Objetivo: conocer la concentración de P en las pastas dentales que se venden en México. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 65 pastas dentales usando la técnica del electrodo específico para fluoruros. Resultados. El contenido de fluoruro en la muestra analizada varió de 0-2053 ppm. De ellas, 16.92% fueron pastas para uso infantil (límite =0 -1153 ppmF-). Las pastas fabricadas en México tuvieron un promedio de 879 ± 599.2 ppmF-. Las pastas de origen extranjero tenían un promedio de 619.7 ppmF-; 54.5% de las pastas para niños presentaron valores de P superiores a 730 ppmF-. Solamente 40% de los productos analizados tenían impresa la concentración de P en las envolturas. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados mostraron una amplia variación en la concentración de P. Esto sugiere que es necesario implementar medidas que regulen su concentración en dichos productos. Es importante que, para prevenir lesiones de fluorosis dental, los fabricantes de pastas dentales impriman en la etiqueta el contenido total de fluoruro y las dosis recomendadas.
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Objective To observe the changes of serum and urine fluoride,Cr and BUN in patients with desflurane inhalation.Methods Twenty patients ASA class I, scheduled for selective surgery, were selected. The anesthesia was induced with fentanyl, propofol and vecuronium and was maintained with inhaling desflurane. Arterial and venous blood samples were drawn before desflurane inhalation, at the end of operation, 4 h, 24 h, 72 h and 144 h after operation. Urine were collected at the same time. Serum and urine fluoride levels were detected with fluoride ion electrode methods.Results Inhalation of desflurane was maintained for (4.36?0.39)h at concentration of (1.65?0.16)MAC, with the total inhalation amount of MAC (7.19?0.82)MAC h. No significant changes occurred in either serum fluoride concentration or urine fluoride excretion rate. Cr and BUN contents showed unsignificant changes during whole procedures.Conclusions Desflurane inhalation has no effect on serum and urine fluoride concentrations and renal function.
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Enflurane is metabolized in the liver by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, cytochrome P-450 and induces enzyme during the enflurane exposure. Enhanced biotransformation might occur after enflurane itself and several other drugs, isoniazid (INH), ethanol and cholorpromazine. Increased inorganic fluroide, one of the enflurane metaboites, could impair renal function. The possibility of increased enflurane defluorination follwing treatment with isoniazid, isoniazid group (n=10) and control group (n= 11) was investigated by the measuring the serum and urine F in the preoperative period and 2 hrs after anesthesia, immediate postoperative and 24th postoperative hour. According to the serum inorganic fluoride concentration, the isoniazid group was divided again into INH high F- and INH low F- groups. In the preoperative, immediate postoperative period and 24th postoperative hour, the changes of renal function were measured by the BUN and creatinine and liver function was measured by the SGOT and SGPT. The results were as follows: 1) Serum inorganic fluoride increased in enflurane anesthesia significantly in all three groups and decreased in the 24th postoperative hour. Among the three groups, enhanced defluorination was the highest in the INH high F group. 2) Urine inorganic fluoride was increased in the control and INH high F group. 3) There were no changes in renal and hepatic function after enflurane anesthesia. Our study indicated that enflurane does not harm the INH treated patient.